Ch 16 Part 2 + Documents

The echoes of the Atlantic Revolutions could be seen in Europe as smaller revolutionary eruptions occurred which included ideas 1of republicanism, greater social equality, and national liberation from social rule. The larger states of Western Europe, the United States, and Argentina generally granted universal male suffrage by 1914. Additionally the three major movements that developed were the abolition of slavery, independence from foreign rule, and feminism.

The abolition of slavery movement first started when enlightenment thinkers became increasingly critical of slavery and how it violated natural rights. Also the new thinking that slavery was not essential for economic progress made the arguments against slavery even more acceptable. Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1833 and The Great Jamaican revolt played a major part in this. Most Latin American countries abolished slavery by the 1850s. Although slavery was abolished in many places these new people did not receive any political equality. Additionally, in West and East African abolition from other countries increased the use within the African societies. In the Islamic world, slavery was not outlawed until the twentieth century.

The Atlantic Revolutions also gave rise to powerful ideas of nationalism throughout the world. This idea inspired the unification of both Germany and Italy. Additionally, the Greeks and Serbs declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire. Many other nations throughout the world were effected by new nationalistic beliefs. Governments claimed to act on behalf of their nations and wanted to instill loyalty in their citizens. Nationalism in politics put all the emphasis on "the people". Japanese and Egyptian nationalism broadly grew in the nineteenth century, however other places in Asia and Africa had to wait until the twentieth century.

The last echo of the Atlantic Revolutions that is discussed in the book is the beginning of the feminist movements. The challenge against patriarchy began in Europe and North America in the nineteenth century and then blew up in the twentieth century. Enlightenment thinkers challenged ancient traditions of women's intrinsic inferiority. Because the middle class was growing women began finding freedom from household restrictions as well as even finding educational opportunities.Women began developing ideas that they were individuals with rights that were equal to men. The growth of feminism was faced with bitter opposition, with professionals claiming that women being outside the home would cause reproductive damage. Feminists were viewed as selfish because they were "not willing to sacrifice for their families". The growth of feminism in the nineteenth century raised issues that would be much more echoed in the twentieth century. t

Part 5 and First 1/2 Ch16

Part 5 of Ways of the World is titled the European Moment in World History. The first two chapters of this section talk about the societies that emerged from the intersection of the Scientific, French, and Industrial Revolutions. The second half of this chapter will talk about the ability of these powers that emerged to use their enormous power and influence on everyone else. Western Europe now held a much more prominent role in society. Europeans assumed that they were the dominant race and deemed themselves superior to everyone else. The long nineteenth century was a time when Europeans were the most powerful, most innovative, and most widely imitated on the planet.

Ch 16

The Atlantic Revolutions of North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America were very costly wars that strained European imperial states. The taxes that the conflicts in North America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia caused contributed to the launching of the North American and French Revolutions. The ideas that the Atlantic revolutions derived from the Enlightenment were shared between the French and American Revolutionaries. The new ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, and human rationality were widely popular. The Atlantic Revolutionaries had a global impact that definitely expanded much further than just their own world.

The North American Revolution was launched by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was fueled by an unexpected effort by the British to tighten its control over their colonies. The American patriots felt as though that they were creating hope for the human race. This revolution inspired the French and gave them hope for their own revolution.

The French Revolution began in 1789, when thousands of soldiers who were providing assistance to the American colonists returned home. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizen was made. This document was going against the ancient regime and declared that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights". This document is what started the French Revolution. The French Revolution was much more violent, far reaching, and radical in character than the American Revolution. The French Revolution resulted in many extreme changes in the new nation of France.

In the next part of this chapter, we will talk about the Haitian Revolution, The Spanish American Revolutions, The Abolition of Slavery, and the beginnings of Feminism. The Atlantic Revolutions definitely changed the world and brought rise to many different movements that progressed the world.

Foundresses Week

This week was Foundresses Week and I learned so much more than I thought I was going to learn. Unfortunately I was not able to participate in any of the activities because they all conflicted with my softball and school schedule, however through this class along with other things around NDNU I was still able to get a good grasp of the history of this institution. I also hope to attend the Sr. Dorothy Stang vigil tomorrow.

This week I learned quite a bit about the two Foundresses of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. I had previously heard about Julie Billiart because one of the dorm halls is names after her, but I never truly understood who she was or what she did. I had never heard of Francoise before this week, but I am glad I did get to learn a little bit about her life and story.

It was quite interesting to look at the backgrounds of these two women and how they were completely different. I find it inspiring that despite their different backgrounds, they still held the utmost respect for one another and were able to help create change together. The mission of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur is truly amazing and it is great to see that the mission still lives on today. The Hallmarks that they developed are something that can truly change peoples lives when they live by them and think about them each day. I am very proud to have learned these hallmarks as well as the history of the women who helped developed them. Foundresses week was definitelt something that helped open my eyes about the history of this school, and I am glad that the mission still continues on.

SND Handout

Reading about these two Sisters of Notre Dame was extremely interesting and informative to me. I think that reading this handout was especially important because I did not know much about the Foundresses if this school and the history of the people whom developed the hallmarks that I see posted around me everyday. I had previously heart about Julie Billart, but never heard of Francoise Blin de Bourdon.

 Francoise Blin de Bourdon was born into an aristocratic family but did not let the luxuries and essentially easy life style take her focus away from other people of less social status. She observed that it was quite unsettling to see the shocking differences between the way the lower class lived and the aristocrats lived. She did not support this, and truly cared about all people no matter what their social status was. This amazing and revolutionary outlook of life is one of the key principles that the Sisters of Notre Dame teach which is "respect for all individuals regardless of age, gender, disability, or social class". Francoise lived in way that virtually no aristocrats did at the time, and genuinely cared for others. This is extremely inspirational.

Julie Billart had a much different upbringing than Francoise, but still shared very similar ideals and principles with her dear friend. She was not an aristocrat like Francoise, but rather born into the Third Estate. Julie was able to witness the disparities in the community she lived in. She was unsettled with the fact that some people had so much more opportunity to learn and grow than others just because of their social status.

Although both of these women had incredibly different upbringings, they were still able to connect and establish a new order of Nuns called the Sisters of Notre Dame. Over 216 years later, the principles they established are still influencing many people today. For the time they were develpped these principles were extremely advanced and it is amazing to see how they still apply today

Chapter 15 - Cultural Transformations

The introduction of this chapter summarizes the major cultural changes that the early modern era of world history gave birth to. This ranges from the spreading of Christianity to Asians, Muslims, and Native Americans to the emergence of a modern scientific outlook on life. All of these cultural transformations that were taking place during this time were due to the globalization of the world and the world was evolving as a melting pot of different cultures and beliefs.

The Christians of the world were divided by the Roman Catholics of the Western and Central Europe and the Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia. The Christians were also facing competition from the expansion of Islam. The Protestant Reformation also split up the Roman Catholic Church because people were offended that it was associated with the rural and feudal world of aristocratic privilege. Despite new changes, Protestant women were still oppressed and considered less than men in the Church. The rivalry between Protestant and Catholic's caused major conflict all throughout Europe, from France, to Germany, and in the Roman Empire. The Protestant Reformation during this time encouraged skepticism towards authority and tradition. Religious individualism was a whole new concept that the Protestants encouraged and revitalized Christianity was established around the world in the centuries following this reformation.

Conversion of Spanish America to Christianity was something that millions accepted and embraced. Europeans were highly aggressive, claiming religious truth and destructing local gods. Church authorities would destroy and disrespect many ritual objects just to undermine native religion. Attacks on Christianity from the Spanish-American people were quickly shot down, so instead many groups tried to blend the two religious traditions together, by assimilating Christianity into patterns of local culture. Overall, Christianity did begin to take root in this environment, however, it was Andean or Mexican Christianity, instead of being an exact copy of the Spanish Christianity.

In China, there was no mass conversion to Christianity like there was in Spanish America, however there was a modest spread of these ideas among some Chinese people. The aspect of Christianity just did not fit with the long rooted culture of the Chinese people and it did not offer anything that the Chinese genuinely wanted. There was ultimately many aspects that played into the general failure of trying to create a presence of Christianity in China.

In China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, they operated under Confusion framework which was supplemented with ideas from Buddhism and Daoism. This created a system called Neo-Confucianism. In China there was also a movement called koazheng, which meant "research based on evidence" and emphasized the importance of verification and precision. In China among the less educated, culture was growing and the arts, and novels were becoming increasingly popular.

Moving away from religion, during the early modern period there was also the Scientific Revolution. The first major break through in the Scientific Revolution was the argument that the sun was the center, and the Earth and other planets revolved around it. Sir Isaac Newton formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics  This fueled a completely new scientific few of the universe by Europeans. In the eighteenth century growing numbers of people started believing that the outcome of the scientific revolution would be the "enlightenment". This was the belief that humans would discover the way that mankind can govern itself more effectively. The idea of progress is what the central belief of enlightenment was.

The Scientific Revolution and its ideas ultimately began spread globally, more than the ideas of religion and the arts. European science did impact Asian scholars and they selectively assimilated some of these ideas on their own terms. Theoretical science was facing a challenge while the ideas of Western Science were on the rise.